Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

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Broad Spectrum Antibiotics - any of a variety of substances, usually obtained from microorganisms, that inhibit the growth of or destroy certain other microorganisms.

The great number of diverse broad spectrum antibiotics currently available can be classified in different ways, e.g., by their chemical structure, their microbial origin, or their mode of action. They are also frequently designated by their effective range tetracyclines  the most widely use broad spectrum antibiotics, are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as against rickettsias and psittacosis-causing organisms. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is another broad spectrum antibiotics, effective in the treatment of mild infections of the urinary tract and sinuses. The medium - broad spectrum antibiotics bacitracin, the erythromycins, penicillin, zithromax and the cephalosporins are effective primarily against Gram-positive bacteria.

Administration and side effects of Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Broad spectrum antibiotics are either injected, given orally, or applied to the skin in ointment form. Many, while potent anti-infective agents, also cause toxic side effects. Some, like penicillin, zithromax are highly allergenic and can cause skin rashes, shock, and other manifestations of allergic sensitivity. Others, such as the tetracyclines, cause major changes in the intestinal bacterial population and can result in superinfection by fungi and other microorganisms. Chloramphenicol which is now restricted in use, produces severe blood diseases, and use of streptomycin can result in ear and kidney damage. Many broad spectrum antibiotics (zithromax, penicillin) are less effective than formerly because spectrum antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms have emerged.

Nonmedical Use of Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Broad spectrum antibiotics (zithromax, penicillin) have found wide nonmedical use. Some are used in animal husbandry, along with vitamin B12, to enhance the weight gain of livestock. However, some authorities believe the addition of broad spectrum antibiotics to animal feeds is dangerous because continuous low exposure to the broad spectrum antibiotics can sensitize humans to the drug and make them unable to take the substance later for the treatment of infection. In addition low levels of antibiotics in animal feed encourage the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms. Drug resistance has been shown to be carried by a genetic particle transmissible from one strain of microorganism to another, and the presence of low levels of broad spectrum antibiotics can actually cause an increase in the number of such particles in the bacterial population and increase the probability that such particles will be transferred to pathogenic, or disease-causing, strains. Broad spectrum antibiotics zithromax have also been used to treat plant diseases such as bacteria-caused infections in tomatoes, potatoes, and fruit trees. The great number of diverse broad spectrum antibiotics currently available can be classified in different ways

Production of broad spectrum Antibiotics

The mass production of broad spectrum antibiotics began during World War II with streptomycin and penicillin. Now most broad spectrum antibiotics (zithromax and other) are produced by staged fermentations in which strains of microorganisms producing high yields are grown under optimum conditions in nutrient media in fermentation tanks holding several thousand gallons. The mold is strained out of the fermentation broth, and then the antibiotic is removed from the broth by filtration, precipitation, and other separation methods. In some cases new antibiotics( zithromax ) are laboratory synthesized, while many antibiotics are produced by chemically modifying natural substances; many such derivatives are more effective than the natural substances against infecting organisms or are better absorbed by the body.

History of Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds to destroy infection, the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species was not established until the latter half of the 19th cent. when Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use. Meanwhile the German chemist Paul Ehrlich developed the idea of selective toxicity: that certain chemicals that would be toxic to some organisms, e.g., infectious bacteria, would be harmless to other organisms, e.g., humans. They are also frequently designated by their effective range tetracyclines  the most widely use broad spectrum antibiotics.

In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist, observed that Penicillium notatum, a common mold, had destroyed staphylococcus bacteria in culture, and in 1939 the American microbiologist René Dubos demonstrated that a soil bacterium was capable of decomposing the starchlike capsule of the pneumococcus bacterium, without which the pneumococcus is harmless and does not cause pneumonia. Dubos then found in the soil a microbe, Bacillus brevis, from which he obtained a product, tyrothricin, that was highly toxic to a wide range of bacteria. Tyrothricin a mixture of the two peptides gramicidin and tyrocidine, was also found to be toxic to red blood and reproductive cells in humans but could be used to good effect when applied as an ointment on body surfaces.